EAU stratifies to low-risk and high-risk groups with respect to risk of progression:
There are further prognostic factors which predict for high-risk disease (muscle invasive or non-organ confined):
“Blood based biomarkers” – neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, low albumin, high CRP, high fibrinogen, altered renal function, high ‘de Ritis ratio’ AST/ALT
There are also defined risk factors for bladder recurrence:
